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References

1. Stein, L I and Test, M A (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment. Conceptual model treatment program and clinical evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 392—7.

2. Fenton, F R, Tessier L and Struening, E L A (1979). A comparative trial of home and psychiatric hospital care: one year follow up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1073—9.

3. Pasaminick, B, Scarpetti, F R and Dinitz, S (1967). Schizophrenia in the Community: an experimental model in the prevention of hospitalisation. Appleton Century Crofts, New York.

4. Hoult, J (1986). Community care of the acutely mentally ill. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 137—144.

5. Polak, P R and Kirby, M W (1976). A model to replace psychiatric hospitals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 162, 13—22.

6. Muijen, M, Marks, I M, Connolly, J and Audini, B (1992). Home-based care versus standard hospital-based care with severe mental illness: a randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 304, 749—754.

7. Dean, C, Phillips, J Gadd, E M, Joseph, M and England, S (1993). Comparison of community based service with hospital based service for people with acute, severe psychiatric illness. British Medical Journal, 307, 473—6.

8. Minghella, E Ford, R, Freeman, T, Hoult, J, McGlynn, P and OÕHalloran, P (1998). Open All Hours: 24-hour response for people with mental health emergencies. Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, London.

9. Braun, P, Kochansky, G, Shapiro, R, Greenberg, S, Gudeman, J, Johnson, S et al (1981). Overview: deinstitutionalisation of psychiatric patients: a critical review of outcome studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 736—749.

10. Kiesler, C A (1982). Mental hospitals and alternative care. American Psychologist, 37, 349—60.

11. Kliuter, J (1997). In-patient treatment and care arrangements to replace or avoid it Ð searching for an evidence based balance. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 10, 160—167.

12. Szmukler, G I (1990). Alternatives to hospital treatment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 3, 273—277.

13. Joy, C B, Adams, C E and Rice, K (1998). Crisis intervention for severe mental illness. In: Cochrane Collection. Cochrane Library. Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software.

14. Audini, B, Marks, I M, Lawrence, R E, Connolly, J and Watts, V (1994). Home-based versus out-patient/in-patient care for people with serious mental illness. Phase II of a controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 204—210.

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This article first appeared in Volume 7, No, 3 (2000) of the Human Givens journal.

PROFESSOR MARCELLINO SMYTH is a general adult psychiatrist at North Birmingham Mental Health Trust and an honorary professor in social and community psychiatry at the University of Central England (Centre for Mental Health Policy). His main academic interest is in evaluating the extent to which new service models can impact on individuals receiving psychiatric care and their relationship with psychiatric services.

 

 

 

 

 

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